Portrait of Clarissa Penhallow, Investigative Markets Writer at BestForex.io

Clarissa Penhallow

Investigative Markets Writer

Clarissa Penhallow follows the money. With a background in financial forensics, she dissects buybacks, insider transactions, affiliate economics and the incentive structures that shape how brokers treat clients.

Clarissa Penhallow is an editorial pen name of the BestForex.io in-house critic desk. See our editorial policy.

Articles by Clarissa Penhallow

Canadian provinces warn that AvaTrade is not registered to trade locally — BestForex.io Broker Watch cover image
Opinion

Canadian Provinces Line Up to Warn Investors That AvaTrade Is Not Registered to Trade Locally

Saskatchewan, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia have warned investors that AvaTrade is not registered to trade in their provinces. What it means.

CySEC settlement notice on a marketing compliance desk with Axiance brand materials, CFD distribution rulebook open — Axiance operator settles with CySEC for 100,000 euro over CFD marketing rules. BestForex.io Broker Watch.
Opinion

Axiance Operator ICC Intercertus Capital Pays 100,000 Euro to CySEC Over How It Marketed CFDs to Retail Clients

CySEC reached a 100,000 euro settlement with ICC Intercertus Capital, the operator of Axiance, over the rules on marketing, distribution and sales of CFDs to retail clients. The way a broker sells is often the truest signal of how it will treat you.

CySEC pulls Itrade Global licence after million euro Spain fine — BestForex.io Broker Watch.
Opinion

CySEC Withdraws Itrade Global Licence Two Years After a One Million Euro Fine Over Its Spanish Agent

CySEC withdrew the licence of Itrade Global, the company behind retail trading brands TradedWell and InvestFW, in 2025 — two years after a one million euro fine over its Spanish tied agent. A licence renunciation looks tidy on its own. Read in full, it is the last chapter of a bad story.

Cyprus CySEC enforcement notice on a compliance desk, 3anglefx trading platform on screen behind, with governance audit files spread out — CySEC suspends Triangleview in full over AML and governance failures. BestForex.io Broker Watch.
News

CySEC Suspends 3anglefx Operator Triangleview in Full Over Money Laundering and Governance Failures

The Cyprus regulator has suspended in full the licence of Triangleview Investments, the firm behind the retail trading brand 3anglefx, over money laundering failures and deficiencies in the way the company was run. It is not the first time this broker has been in the regulator's sights.

CAPEX takes 75 percent of NAGA in a reverse merger — BestForex.io Broker Watch cover image
Opinion

CAPEX Owner Takes 75 Percent of NAGA in a Reverse Merger That Heavily Dilutes Existing Shareholders

In 2024 Key Way Group, owner of CAPEX.com, took about 75 percent of NAGA in a reverse merger, issuing 170 million new shares and heavily diluting existing holders.

Israel fines AvaTrade arm ATrade for providing unlicensed services — BestForex.io Broker Watch cover image
Opinion

Israel Fines AvaTrade Local Arm ATrade Half a Million Shekels for Providing Services It Was Not Licensed to Give

Israel's securities regulator fined AvaTrade's local arm ATrade 500,000 shekels, plus a conditional fine, over providing services it was not licensed to give. Full detail.

FSCA South Africa enforcement notice on a trading desk with JP Markets branding, OTC derivatives authorisation documents — JP Markets fined 100,000 rand for unauthorised CFD trading. BestForex.io Broker Watch.
Opinion

FSCA Fines JP Markets 100,000 Rand for Letting Clients Trade CFDs It Was Not Properly Authorised to Offer

South Africa's FSCA fined forex broker JP Markets 100,000 rand for enabling clients to trade CFDs on forex, shares and indices without proper OTC derivatives authorisation. The question to ask any broker: are you actually authorised to sell me this?

CySEC hits FxNet with a 225 thousand euro settlement — BestForex.io Broker Watch.
Opinion

FxNet Pays 225,000 Euro to Settle With CySEC Over Compliance Failures Across Its Retail Trading Business

CySEC secured a 225,000 euro settlement from FxNet (FXNET Limited), operator of EMS Brokers and NessFX, over compliance lapses found in a 2021 to 2022 review. It is not the firm's first penalty from the regulator — a pattern worth knowing about before funding an account.

NAGA posts 37 million euro loss as its auditor departs — BestForex.io Broker Watch cover image
Opinion

NAGA Group Posts a 37 Million Euro Loss for 2022 After Parting With Its Auditor and Restating Earlier Results

NAGA Group posted a 37 million euro loss for 2022, parted with auditor Ernst and Young, restated its 2021 results and filed late. What the turmoil means for clients.

Cape High Court liquidation order on a desk next to a frozen Banxso trading terminal, FSCA enforcement documents stacked behind it, and seized laptops in the foreground — Banxso placed into final liquidation after R2 billion in FSCA fines. BestForex.io Broker Watch.
News

Banxso Placed Into Final Liquidation as South Africa Fines It and Its Directors More Than R2 Billion

Banxso, the South African CFD broker at the centre of one of the country's largest retail trading scandals, has been placed into final liquidation. A court has declared the company hopelessly insolvent, the regulator has fined it and its directors more than 2 billion rand, and the matter has been referred to the police for criminal investigation.

Belgium settles with AvaTrade over unapproved offers and marketing — BestForex.io Broker Watch cover image
Opinion

AvaTrade Reaches an Agreed Settlement With Belgium Over Offering Products Without a Prospectus

Belgium's FSMA reached an agreed settlement with AvaTrade's European arm over offering investment products without the required prospectus and unapproved marketing.

CySEC administrative fine of 360,000 euro on compliance documents for MCA Intelifunds, FXORO brand visible on screen, investment law breach report from 2022 inspection — FXORO operator fined 360,000 euro by CySEC. BestForex.io Broker Watch.
Opinion

FXORO Operator MCA Intelifunds Fined 360,000 Euro by CySEC Over Broad Breaches of Investment Law

CySEC fined MCA Intelifunds, the operator of forex broker FXORO, 360,000 euro over breaches of Cyprus investment law found in a 2022 inspection. The machinery that turns the law into practice was missing.

Parked domain page on a browser with HTFX branding faded in the background, CySEC and FCA licence withdrawal notices on a compliance desk, an empty Far East trading floor visible through glass — HTFX shuts down worldwide after losing EU and UK licences. BestForex.io Broker Watch.
News

HTFX Shuts Down Worldwide After Losing Its Cyprus and UK Licences and Retreating Offshore

HTFX, a retail forex and CFD broker focused on the Far East, has ceased operations around the world. Its main website now shows only a parked domain, the visible end of a collapse that ran through two European regulators before the business finally went dark.

CySEC fines FP Markets EU over CFD retail protection rules — BestForex.io Broker Watch.
Opinion

FP Markets EU Fined 100,000 Euro by CySEC Over a Breach of the CFD Rules That Protect Retail Traders

CySEC fined First Prudential Markets, the Cyprus operator of FP Markets EU, 100,000 euro over a possible breach of article 42 of the European markets regulation and the CFD retail protection directive. The rules at the centre of this case are not obscure technicalities — they are the core safeguards between an ordinary trader and a catastrophic loss.

Dark regulatory office in Cyprus with an empty trading desk, a frozen CySEC decision document on screen, and a suspended licence notice pinned to the wall — CySEC withdraws Conotoxia licence after a year in suspension. BestForex.io Broker Watch.
News

CySEC Withdraws the Licence of CFD Broker Conotoxia After Roughly a Year of Suspension

The Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission has permanently withdrawn the licence of Conotoxia, ending a saga that saw the CFD and forex broker suspended for almost a year before the regulator concluded the underlying problems were not going to be resolved.

Frozen South African CFD brokerage with UMarketPro and Protea Markets branding, a padlock on the door and an FSCA prohibition notice taped to the window — FSCA provisionally withdraws Mixirite licence over high-pressure sales. BestForex.io Broker Watch.
News

South Africa Freezes Mixirite and Bans It From Taking Client Money Over High-Pressure CFD Sales

The FSCA has provisionally withdrawn the licence of Mixirite, the firm behind the UMarketPro and Protea Markets trading platforms, and barred it from conducting financial services business while it investigates alleged high-pressure sales tactics, unauthorised advice, and promises of guaranteed returns.

Finanstilsynet enforcement paperwork spread across a Copenhagen compliance desk, Saxo Bank's Nordic trading floor visible through glass behind — DKK 313 million AML fine, the bank's largest penalty in years. BestForex.io Broker Watch.
News

Saxo Bank Hit With Its Biggest Fine in Years as Danish Regulator Finds Major Gaps in Its Anti-Money Laundering Controls

Denmark's financial regulator has fined Saxo Bank DKK 313 million — roughly USD 49 million — over failures in its anti-money laundering controls, the bank's largest penalty in years. The failings centred on its white label arrangements, where it provides trading infrastructure to other firms without adequately knowing the end clients behind them.

Dim Australian brokerage office sealed and abandoned, a forex rate board frozen on the wall, sealed evidence boxes stacked beside a bare desk with a stamped court order resting on top — Prospero Markets licence cancelled after money laundering charges. BestForex.io Broker Watch.
News

Prospero Markets Loses Its Licence After Money Laundering Charges and a Federal Court Wind Up

ASIC cancelled the Australian financial services licence of Prospero Markets Pty Ltd, a forex and derivatives broker now in liquidation, closing a case that began with money laundering charges against its former officers and ended in the Federal Court.

Dim European brokerage office at night with a trading terminal showing a leverage dial pushed past a regulatory limit line and a stamped European directive document on the desk — IC Markets EU fined EUR 200,000 by CySEC for circumventing retail margin rules. BestForex.io Broker Watch.
News

IC Markets EU Fined EUR 200,000 by CySEC for Circumventing the Margin Rules That Protect Retail Traders

The Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission fined IC Markets (EU) Ltd EUR 200,000 after finding the broker participated in activities that circumvented the initial margin protections European rules impose on CFDs sold to retail clients. The firm denies the finding and has begun legal action.

Dim corporate lobby at night with an empty backlit sign panel where a company name was removed and a blank nameplate waiting, a stamped EU regulatory document on the reception desk — IronFX, now Notesco, settles €100,000 with CySEC. BestForex.io Broker Watch.
News

IronFX, Now Notesco, Settles With CySEC for €100,000 Over the Rules That Protect Retail CFD Clients

IronFX, one of the most heavily marketed retail forex brands of the past decade, has settled with CySEC for €100,000 over the rules governing how CFDs are sold to retail clients — under a new name, Notesco.

Dim night trading floor with a large brass gong on a stand, a glowing roulette wheel and dice on a desk among trading screens and scattered banknotes — Forex CT hit with a $20 million ASIC penalty for casino-style sales. BestForex.io Broker Watch.
News

Forex CT Hit With $20 Million Penalty for Running Its Trading Floor Like a Casino at Clients' Expense

Forex CT, an Australian retail forex and CFD broker, was ordered by the Federal Court to pay a $20 million penalty for a system of unconscionable conduct that pressured vulnerable clients into depositing money many could not afford to lose. Its sole director was fined $400,000 and banned for eight years.

Dark desk with a glowing retail trading app showing a long crypto token list mostly greyed out and a shadowed US SEC seal on a document beside it — eToro settles $1.5 million with the SEC over crypto securities. BestForex.io Broker Watch.
News

eToro Pays $1.5 Million to Settle SEC Charges of Running an Unregistered Crypto Securities Broker

eToro, one of the world's most recognisable retail trading brands, has agreed to pay $1.5 million to settle SEC charges that it operated an unregistered broker and clearing agency for crypto assets sold as securities — and will strip its US crypto menu back to just three tokens.

Emptied Mediterranean brokerage office at dusk, a dark CFD trading screen on a bare desk beside a stamped regulatory document and moving boxes — Alvexo operator settles with CySEC for €50,000 then exits. BestForex.io Broker Watch.
News

Alvexo Operator Settles With CySEC for €50,000, Then Hands Back Its Licence

VPR Safe Financial Group, the Cyprus-licensed operator of retail forex and CFD brand Alvexo, has settled with CySEC for €50,000 over suspected compliance failures stretching across eight years — and has since handed back its European licence entirely.

Australian Federal Court stone columns at dawn, foreground trading terminal showing red CFD drawdown chart and a consolidated statement of claim — IC Markets A$948M class action. BestForex.io Broker Watch.
News

IC Markets Faces A$948 Million Class Action in Federal Court

A class action seeking A$948 million is advancing through Australia's Federal Court against IC Markets and its billionaire founder Andrew Budzinski. The opt-out window has closed, locking thousands of retail CFD traders into consolidated proceedings as the case moves toward trial.

Plus500 corporate headquarters with silhouetted figures — BestForex.io Broker Watch cover image for Plus500 buyback analysis
Opinion

Plus500's Daily Buyback Ritual: Capital Strength, or a Very Expensive Magic Trick?

Plus500 buys back its own shares almost daily while insiders cashed out millions near all-time highs. BestForex.io asks who really benefits from the buyback machine.

eToro AI agents trading autopilot visualization — BestForex.io Broker Watch editorial analyzing AI-powered investment tools and Grok sentiment analysis risks
Opinion

eToro's AI Agents: Investing on Autopilot, or Crashing on It?

eToro now lets AI agents trade real money on X sentiment. BestForex.io asks if automated herd-following is really progress, or the oldest mistake in markets executed at machine speed.