
Clarissa Penhallow
Investigative Markets Writer
Clarissa Penhallow follows the money. With a background in financial forensics, she dissects buybacks, insider transactions, affiliate economics and the incentive structures that shape how brokers treat clients.
Clarissa Penhallow is an editorial pen name of the BestForex.io in-house critic desk. See our editorial policy.
Articles by Clarissa Penhallow

Canadian Provinces Line Up to Warn Investors That AvaTrade Is Not Registered to Trade Locally
Saskatchewan, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia have warned investors that AvaTrade is not registered to trade in their provinces. What it means.

Axiance Operator ICC Intercertus Capital Pays 100,000 Euro to CySEC Over How It Marketed CFDs to Retail Clients
CySEC reached a 100,000 euro settlement with ICC Intercertus Capital, the operator of Axiance, over the rules on marketing, distribution and sales of CFDs to retail clients. The way a broker sells is often the truest signal of how it will treat you.

CySEC Withdraws Itrade Global Licence Two Years After a One Million Euro Fine Over Its Spanish Agent
CySEC withdrew the licence of Itrade Global, the company behind retail trading brands TradedWell and InvestFW, in 2025 — two years after a one million euro fine over its Spanish tied agent. A licence renunciation looks tidy on its own. Read in full, it is the last chapter of a bad story.

CySEC Suspends 3anglefx Operator Triangleview in Full Over Money Laundering and Governance Failures
The Cyprus regulator has suspended in full the licence of Triangleview Investments, the firm behind the retail trading brand 3anglefx, over money laundering failures and deficiencies in the way the company was run. It is not the first time this broker has been in the regulator's sights.

CAPEX Owner Takes 75 Percent of NAGA in a Reverse Merger That Heavily Dilutes Existing Shareholders
In 2024 Key Way Group, owner of CAPEX.com, took about 75 percent of NAGA in a reverse merger, issuing 170 million new shares and heavily diluting existing holders.

Israel Fines AvaTrade Local Arm ATrade Half a Million Shekels for Providing Services It Was Not Licensed to Give
Israel's securities regulator fined AvaTrade's local arm ATrade 500,000 shekels, plus a conditional fine, over providing services it was not licensed to give. Full detail.

FSCA Fines JP Markets 100,000 Rand for Letting Clients Trade CFDs It Was Not Properly Authorised to Offer
South Africa's FSCA fined forex broker JP Markets 100,000 rand for enabling clients to trade CFDs on forex, shares and indices without proper OTC derivatives authorisation. The question to ask any broker: are you actually authorised to sell me this?

FxNet Pays 225,000 Euro to Settle With CySEC Over Compliance Failures Across Its Retail Trading Business
CySEC secured a 225,000 euro settlement from FxNet (FXNET Limited), operator of EMS Brokers and NessFX, over compliance lapses found in a 2021 to 2022 review. It is not the firm's first penalty from the regulator — a pattern worth knowing about before funding an account.

NAGA Group Posts a 37 Million Euro Loss for 2022 After Parting With Its Auditor and Restating Earlier Results
NAGA Group posted a 37 million euro loss for 2022, parted with auditor Ernst and Young, restated its 2021 results and filed late. What the turmoil means for clients.

Banxso Placed Into Final Liquidation as South Africa Fines It and Its Directors More Than R2 Billion
Banxso, the South African CFD broker at the centre of one of the country's largest retail trading scandals, has been placed into final liquidation. A court has declared the company hopelessly insolvent, the regulator has fined it and its directors more than 2 billion rand, and the matter has been referred to the police for criminal investigation.

AvaTrade Reaches an Agreed Settlement With Belgium Over Offering Products Without a Prospectus
Belgium's FSMA reached an agreed settlement with AvaTrade's European arm over offering investment products without the required prospectus and unapproved marketing.

FXORO Operator MCA Intelifunds Fined 360,000 Euro by CySEC Over Broad Breaches of Investment Law
CySEC fined MCA Intelifunds, the operator of forex broker FXORO, 360,000 euro over breaches of Cyprus investment law found in a 2022 inspection. The machinery that turns the law into practice was missing.

HTFX Shuts Down Worldwide After Losing Its Cyprus and UK Licences and Retreating Offshore
HTFX, a retail forex and CFD broker focused on the Far East, has ceased operations around the world. Its main website now shows only a parked domain, the visible end of a collapse that ran through two European regulators before the business finally went dark.

FP Markets EU Fined 100,000 Euro by CySEC Over a Breach of the CFD Rules That Protect Retail Traders
CySEC fined First Prudential Markets, the Cyprus operator of FP Markets EU, 100,000 euro over a possible breach of article 42 of the European markets regulation and the CFD retail protection directive. The rules at the centre of this case are not obscure technicalities — they are the core safeguards between an ordinary trader and a catastrophic loss.

CySEC Withdraws the Licence of CFD Broker Conotoxia After Roughly a Year of Suspension
The Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission has permanently withdrawn the licence of Conotoxia, ending a saga that saw the CFD and forex broker suspended for almost a year before the regulator concluded the underlying problems were not going to be resolved.

South Africa Freezes Mixirite and Bans It From Taking Client Money Over High-Pressure CFD Sales
The FSCA has provisionally withdrawn the licence of Mixirite, the firm behind the UMarketPro and Protea Markets trading platforms, and barred it from conducting financial services business while it investigates alleged high-pressure sales tactics, unauthorised advice, and promises of guaranteed returns.

Saxo Bank Hit With Its Biggest Fine in Years as Danish Regulator Finds Major Gaps in Its Anti-Money Laundering Controls
Denmark's financial regulator has fined Saxo Bank DKK 313 million — roughly USD 49 million — over failures in its anti-money laundering controls, the bank's largest penalty in years. The failings centred on its white label arrangements, where it provides trading infrastructure to other firms without adequately knowing the end clients behind them.

Prospero Markets Loses Its Licence After Money Laundering Charges and a Federal Court Wind Up
ASIC cancelled the Australian financial services licence of Prospero Markets Pty Ltd, a forex and derivatives broker now in liquidation, closing a case that began with money laundering charges against its former officers and ended in the Federal Court.

IC Markets EU Fined EUR 200,000 by CySEC for Circumventing the Margin Rules That Protect Retail Traders
The Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission fined IC Markets (EU) Ltd EUR 200,000 after finding the broker participated in activities that circumvented the initial margin protections European rules impose on CFDs sold to retail clients. The firm denies the finding and has begun legal action.

IronFX, Now Notesco, Settles With CySEC for €100,000 Over the Rules That Protect Retail CFD Clients
IronFX, one of the most heavily marketed retail forex brands of the past decade, has settled with CySEC for €100,000 over the rules governing how CFDs are sold to retail clients — under a new name, Notesco.

Forex CT Hit With $20 Million Penalty for Running Its Trading Floor Like a Casino at Clients' Expense
Forex CT, an Australian retail forex and CFD broker, was ordered by the Federal Court to pay a $20 million penalty for a system of unconscionable conduct that pressured vulnerable clients into depositing money many could not afford to lose. Its sole director was fined $400,000 and banned for eight years.

eToro Pays $1.5 Million to Settle SEC Charges of Running an Unregistered Crypto Securities Broker
eToro, one of the world's most recognisable retail trading brands, has agreed to pay $1.5 million to settle SEC charges that it operated an unregistered broker and clearing agency for crypto assets sold as securities — and will strip its US crypto menu back to just three tokens.

Alvexo Operator Settles With CySEC for €50,000, Then Hands Back Its Licence
VPR Safe Financial Group, the Cyprus-licensed operator of retail forex and CFD brand Alvexo, has settled with CySEC for €50,000 over suspected compliance failures stretching across eight years — and has since handed back its European licence entirely.

IC Markets Faces A$948 Million Class Action in Federal Court
A class action seeking A$948 million is advancing through Australia's Federal Court against IC Markets and its billionaire founder Andrew Budzinski. The opt-out window has closed, locking thousands of retail CFD traders into consolidated proceedings as the case moves toward trial.

Plus500's Daily Buyback Ritual: Capital Strength, or a Very Expensive Magic Trick?
Plus500 buys back its own shares almost daily while insiders cashed out millions near all-time highs. BestForex.io asks who really benefits from the buyback machine.

eToro's AI Agents: Investing on Autopilot, or Crashing on It?
eToro now lets AI agents trade real money on X sentiment. BestForex.io asks if automated herd-following is really progress, or the oldest mistake in markets executed at machine speed.